Croton linearis – Pineland Croton

Croton linearis growing at Juno Dunes Natural Area in Palm Beach County, Florida.

Croton linearis is a small, evergreen shrub about 1.5–3 feet tall that is commonly known as pineland croton or granny bush. It is native to the Bahamas, Florida, Cuba, and Jamaica. In Florida, it is confined to the southeastern and extreme southern portions of the peninsula and has been recorded from St. Lucie, Martin, Palm Beach, and Miami-Dade counties, as well as the Florida Keys of both Miami-Dade and Monroe counties. In these counties, Croton linearis typically occurs in well-drained, dry, sandy soil near the coast or in rocky pinelands.

The wildlife value of Croton linearis is moderately high since its oily seeds are eagerly sought out by seed-eating birds and mammals; however, plants are either male or female and both sexes must be present for the seeds to form. Additional wildlife value is provided by the foliage, which is used as the caterpillar food plant of the critically endangered Florida leafwing butterfly, Anaea troglodyta floridalis.

Image and text © 2012 Rufino Osorio

Polygala nana – Dwarf Bachelor's Button

Polygala nana growing in an area of moist sugar sand at the Juno Dunes Natural Area in Palm Beach County, Florida.

I always think that extremely tiny plants like this one with nearly stalkless flowerheads are the endangered Polygala smallii. However, every time I measure the seeds, the plants turn out to be Polygala nana. In Polygala smallii, the seeds are 1.9–2.3 mm long, whereas in Polygala nana, they are up to 1.6 mm long.

Image and text © 2012 Rufino Osorio

Opuntia humifusa – Common Prickly-Pear

Opuntia humifusa, the most common prickly-pear in Florida as well as in eastern North America.

These prickly-pear fruits added an unexpected bit of color on a January hike at the Juno Dunes Natural Area in Palm Beach County, Florida.

Image and text © 2012 Rufino Osorio

Mentzelia floridana – Poorman's Patch

Mentzelia floridana photographed at the Juno Dunes Natural Area in Palm Beach County.

Poorman's patch, Mentzelia floridana, is a weakly erect, often climbing or sprawling, perennial typically found in hammocks, shell middens, and dunes. It bears striking, bright yellow flowers about 1.5 inches wide throughout the year. The plant is covered with tiny hooked hairs, by which means the leaves and fruits stick to feathers, fur, and human clothing. I have never seen it cultivated although it is not clear why not since it has small but showy flowers and its preference for dry or rocky soil would indicate that it is drought tolerant. Mentzelia floridana has a very limited natural range and is known only from the Bahamas and Florida. However, within Florida, it is a common plant found throughout the coastal areas of the peninsula. In southern Florida, it can also be found well inland.

Image and text © 2012 Rufino Osorio

Ficus aurea – Native Strangler Fig

Ficus aurea was named for its pale green leaves with yellowish veins, resulting in a "golden" appearance.

The scientific name of the native strangler fig, Ficus aurea, literally means the golden fig, and here it is, looking very golden indeed, at the Juno Dunes Natural Area in Palm Beach County. Although typically found growing in tropical hammocks and the edges of mangroves and swamps, it sometimes occurs, quite unexpectedly, in sand scrub.

It is a remarkably easy native tree to grow from seeds or cuttings and it is tolerant of a wide variety of cultural conditions. However, it has an invasive root system that will quickly find, and clog, septic systems as well as leaky pipes or sewers. Thus, it should never be cultivated anywhere in the vicinity of septic systems, plumbing, and sewers.

Image and text © 2012 Rufino Osorio

Blechnum serrulatum – Swamp Fern

Blechnum serrulatum, the swamp fern, growing with the southern shield fern (Thelypteris kunthii), bog-hemp (Boehmeria cylindrica), and Boston fern (Nephrolepis species).

Swamp fern, Blechnum serrulatum, is a mid-sized, evergreen fern of the tropics and subtropics of the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and South America, as well as the the Old World tropics of Malaysia, New Caledonia, and Australia. The fronds arise from long, creeping rhizomes and it usually forms extensive colonies. It occurs in the United States only in Florida, where it is a common fern of swamps, marshes, flatwoods, wet prairies, and hammocks. Although it is a non-climbing terrestrial fern in Florida, it sometimes grows as a climbing or subepiphytic fern in tropical rain forests. The species epithet, serrulatum, means with small teeth and refers to the minutely toothed edges of the pinnae (leaf segments). In the image above, it is growing on the moist bank of a seasonal creek in the Delray Oaks Natural Area in Palm Beach County.

Richard Weaver described it as an "attractive, bold-textured plant" and it is suitable as a large groundcover or ornamental plant for a large site with moist or wet soil. Plants are especially attractive when producing new fronds, these starting out pink to burgundy pink, then changing to bright green, and finally maturing to dark green.

Image and text © 2012 Rufino Osorio

Lyonia lucida – Fetterbush

Lyonia lucida photographed at the High Ridge Scrub Natural Area in Palm Beach County.

Fetterbush, Lyonia lucida, is a common shrub throughout Florida and it has been recorded in every county in the state except Monroe and Suwannee counties. Besides Florida, it also occurs in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virgnia. It is found in bogs, cypress ponds, flatwoods, and scrub and is especially conspicuous in the spring, when it bears dainty small flowers that vary, depending on the plant, from very pale pink (almost white) to nearly red.

Image and text © 2012 Rufino Osorio

Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center – Part 2

This is the second part of my photographic tour of the Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center, which I visited on Friday, December 23, 2011. In the first part, I focused on the butterfly garden that surrounds the perimeter of the nature center building. In this second part, I will focus on the plants observed while on the nature trails in the eastern portion of the nature center. The map below shows my route and the numbers correspond to the general location of the numbered entries in this post. The meeting pavilion is labeled No. 1; the nature center building is not visible but it lies a short distance south and west of point No. 2.

Map imagery ©2011 GeoEye; map data ©2011Google.

Point No. 2 is a very interesting site with many square yards dominated by bracken, Pteridium aquilinum, which is the largest fern native to Palm Beach County. Growing at the periphery of the bracken colony, or sometimes growing with the bracken, are a variety of common native and non-native plants characteristic of disturbed habitats. Some of these include rosary pea, American beautyberry, poison-ivy, Caesar weed, and common tick-trefoil.

The densest portions of the bracken colony are a near monoculture of bracken.

A close-up of the foliage of the bracken. Note the grape leaf in the lower right hand corner.

Abrus precatorius, rosary pea, is a common invasive pest plant throughout the Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center. Like most non-native pest plants, it has little wildlife value and the conspicuous black and red seeds fool birds into thinking they are eating a juicy berry but they pass undigested without having provided any nutrition to the bird.

Callicarpa americana, American beautyberry, is a tough nearly indestructible native shrub and here we see it thriving while competing with bracken and wild grape.

Toxicodendron radicans, poison-ivy, is a common plant throughout much of the Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center and is often afflicted with unusual pink galls, these caused by the poison-ivy leaf gall mite, Aculops rhois, a microscopic eriophyid mite.

Urena lobata, Caesar weed, was originally introduced from east Asia, probably India, as a source of fiber. Due to superior sources of fiber, it is not profitably grown in the United States and it has escaped to become an invasive pest. The small, pretty flowers are borne by a large coarse plant and they are soon followed by unattractive, dry brown fruits that split into five segments that are covered with hooked bristles by which means they tenaciously cling to clothing.

Desmodium incanum, common tick trefoil, is a common weed of lawns, roadsides, vacant lots, and the disturbed portions of natural areas. It was orginally native to the American tropics but now has a pantropical distribution due to dispersal by human activity.

Following the trail to the east, one soon encounters highly disturbed areas along the trail at Point No. 3. Typical of such areas, and one of Palm Beach County's most common native weeds, is the common wireweed or common fanpetals. It is in the mallow family and there is scarcely an empty urban lot in Palm Beach County in which it does not occur.

Sida ulmifolia, common wireweed or common fanpetals, is often found in older works under the synonym, Sida acuta.

At Point No. 4, one can find button-sage, which is a lantana and not a true sage, and yellow-alder. Neither occurs naturally at Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center and both have escaped after being cultivated at Point No. 1 (the meeting pavilion). I also found a plant of varnish leaf, Dodonaea viscosa, a few yards from Point No. 4, it being yet another example of a plant escaping after being cultivated at the nature center.

Lantana involucrata, button-sage, has pretty tricolored flowers marked with lavender-pink, white, and yellow. It is frequently grown as a nectar plant in butterfly gardens. Although native to the region, it does not naturally occur at the nature center and the plants at Point No. 4 represent escapes from cultivation.

Lantana involucrata, button-sage, has tiny but conspicuous amethyst berries that resemble miniature versions of beautyberry (Callicarpa americana). Note the tiny moth in the upper right hand side of the image.

Turnera ulmifolia, yellow-alder, is a non-native plant that was cultivated at the meeting pavilion but has escaped and is growing wild about 25 yards away. Note the foliage of the invasive pest plant, rosary pea (Abrus precatorius), in the background. In the upper right hand corner, one can see the foliage of Chromolaena odorata, and in the lower left hand corner, a single leaf of an unidentified Smilax species is visible.

Points Nos. 5 and 6 puts us in a region of very dry pine flatwoods, as is attested to by the presence of prickly-pear.

Opuntia humifusa, prickly-pear, is represented by only a few plants in the driest portions of the eastern section of the nature center. Long ago, rescued gopher tortoises were released at the Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center and there is a possibility that the prickly-pears were established from seeds defecated by these rescued gopher tortoises.

Mitracarpus hirtus, small squareweed or white eye, is a small non-native annual weed confined to the dry pine flatwoods in the eastern section of the nature center. The plants, which number perhaps a few dozen, have been present for well over a decade with the population seemingly never decreasing or increasing. The pictured plant is about 2 inches tall, with the largest plants reaching about 5 inches or so.

Vitis rotundifolia, muscadine or wild grape, is a common vine throughout the nature center. In the dry pine flatwoods of the nature center, it is a small sprawling vine. With more moisture, it can become a tall, woody liana that can grow into the canopy of the tallest trees.

Point No. 7 is a small excavated pit that is very old and has become a pond with a very diverse wetland flora. The County Parks decided to "improve" the area and contracted with a nursery to plant bald-cypress, Taxodium distichum, and red maple, Acer rubrum along the southern edge of the pond. There were two problems with this: (1) the cypress native to the Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center is pond-cypress, Taxodium ascendens, and bald-cypress is non-native, at least within the boundaries of the nature center and (2) the nursery that installed the plants was infested with the invasive pest plant, Sphagneticola trilobata, and this undesirable plant was inadvertently introduced into the site along with the bald-cypress and red maple. A further improvement was made to this small pond by the construction of a visitor bench at the pond's southeast corner. Unfortunately, the bench was placed at the edge of a tiny seep that held the nature center's only populations of pink sundew, Drosera capillaris, and lanceleaf violet, Viola lanceolata. I have not seen either plant since the installation of the bench and presume that they were extirpated from the resulting disturbance to the seep.

Dahoon holly, Ilex cassine, was blooming in late December, which I thought might be a peculiarity of this one population; however, since my visit to the Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center, I have seen it in flower in other natural areas in Palm Beach County, therefore such early flowering does not appear to be particularly unusual. Dahoon holly is an extremely handsome plant as can be seen from the beautiful, glossy green leaves. It is even more attractive in the autumn and winter when female trees are laden with quantities of brilliant red berries. Although often associated with moist soil, it is remarkably adaptable and readily takes to average garden conditions and will even survive considerable drought.

An unidentified bog button, Lachnocaulon species, was characteristic of the drier, but still moist, upper slope of the pond.

Point No. 8, my last stop on this late winter tour of the Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center, takes us to the northwestern corner of the dry flatwoods at the eastern portion of the nature center.

Blackroot, Pterocaulon pycnostachyum, has stems that arise from dark brown or black tubers, thus accounting for the common name. The subterranean tubers allow the plant to easily survive both fires and droughts and, although the aerial portions of the plant may die, new shoots soon arise from the tubers when conditions improve. The lower surface of the leaves are creamy white due to an extremely dense coat of very fine white hairs. The leaves are thus similar to those of sunbonnets, Chaptalia tomentosa, another plant that has dark green leaves with a lower surface densely covered with white hairs.

Blue porterweed, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, is native to the south of our area in Miami-Dade and Monroe counties. At the Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center, it occurs mostly along the gravelly trail in the vicinity of Map Point No. 8. One or two plants were introduced to this site by a volunteer at the nature center and there is now a small colony of several dozen plants. After well over a decade, the colony has not spread further and the plants appear, to the casual untrained eye, to be just another component of the natural flora. Blue porterweed is often confused with the nettle-leaf porterweed, Stachytarpheta cayennensis (synonym: Stachytarpheta urticifolia), but blue porterweed is distinguished by its sprawling stems that never grow upright with the plants rarely exceeding about 1.5 feet in height (not including the long flower spikes).

And here is an image of a cultivated blue porterweed, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, looking very different from the same species as it grows wild at the Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center. Like most native plants, it is extremely responsive to even a little extra watering and soil fertility.

Go to Part 1.

Images and text © 2011, 2012 Rufino Osorio, all rights reserved (exclusive of the aerial Google map).

Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center – Part 1

The following are photographs taken during a hike at the Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center on Friday, December 23, 2011. This set of photographs was taken at the parking lot and at the Visitor's Center. The next set of photographs (Part 2) was taken on the hiking trails.

Immediately upon getting out of my car in the parking lot, I saw a nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) rooting in the soil for worms or grubs just a few feet from the car. He was completely fearless, or perhaps oblivious, and casually went about his business while I snapped about 4 dozen pictures. Since he was in constant motion, all of the pictures were blurry except for four of them, two of which are reproduced below.

The little pink flowers visible in the armadillo pictures is large-flowered Mexican-clover (Richardia grandiflora), which is seen in close-up below. The plant is neither Mexican nor a clover. It is, in fact, from South America and is in the same family as coffee. It is now one of the most ubiquitous weeds of lawns, roadsides, parks, fields, and the disturbed portions of natural areas in Palm Beach County. It was first seen in Palm Beach County about 15 years ago and in that span of time its population has grown to such an extent that it is perhaps among the top 10 most common herbaceous, non-grassy perennials in the county. It was ever-present along the trails of the nature center and in one area its thick growth was shading a population of the small, native wildflower, Stenandrium dulce (pine pinklet).

The following pictures were all taken around the perimeter of the visitor's center, which is landscaped with both native and non-native butterfly garden plants. These plants were very effective as there were numerous butterflies, both small and large, visiting these plants that day.

Clerodendrum ugandense (blue butterfly plant), from Africa, was in full bloom. It is said to be a minimally invasive Clerodendrum, some of which are extremely aggressive in gardens due to an abundance of root sprouts. In many ways, it reminded me of the native blue curls, Trichostema dichotomum, on steroids, which is not surprising since both plants are in the mint family (Lamiaceae).

And here is an image of the native blue curls, Trichostema dichotomum, for comparison:

Koanophyllon villosum was an interesting addition to the Okeeheelee County Park Nature Center butterfly garden. It is an endangered relative of the thoroughworts (Eupatorium species) and occurs in Florida, as a non-cultivated native plant, only in Miami-Dade County. It is unusual in being a woody shrub, most other related plants in Florida being herbaceous perennials. It bears innumerable tiny white daisies when in full bloom, at which time it is extremely attractive to nectar-seeking butterflies. Of additional interest is the aromatic foliage, which has an unusual mildly spicy scent or, in some forms, a slightly minty scent.

Around the corner from the Koanophyllon, and on the west side of the nature center, was a large clump of Leonotis leonurus, a plant native to Africa. Its bright orange flower buds were extremely attractive and eye-catching . . .

. . . but they opened into slightly dingy-orange flowers. Eagle-eyed readers might notice that the leaves above the flowers in the photo immediately below have crinkled edges. This is due to a viral infection. Such infections were rare in native plants but, as people bring cultivated virus-infected plants into close proximity with native plants, I am beginning to see native plants afflicted with viruses.

After the flowers have faded, they leave behind an interesting set of green calyces.

The aptly named fire-spike (Odontonema cuspidatum) from the American tropics grew in a large clump at the front of the nature center and it was visited by numerous brilliant yellow sulphur butterflies, none of which stood still long enough to be photographed. As one can imagine, the combination of yellow butterflies and bright red flowers created a very colorful scene.

Pentas lanceolata, is one of the most common butterfly garden plants in south Florida; however, I have seen insects visiting this plant exactly twice in 20 years. As usual, no butterflies were to be seen on the brilliant red pentas at the nature center on the day of my visit.

Golden polypody (Phlebodium aureum) grew in a large cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto) and its yellowing leaves provided a bit of "autumn" color on a warm subtropical winter's day. It is a very large fern with a dramatic presence and it is mostly ignored by Florida gardeners, perhaps because it is so common. Were it rare and endangered, it would surely be greatly sought after by plant collectors.

Tropical sage (Salvia coccinea was well-represented in the butterfly garden. This was, of course, no surprise since this native plant is a staple of South Florida butterfly gardens where it attracts both butterflies and hummingbirds. All three color forms—red, pink, and white—were present in the garden.

Another staple of butterfly gardens, and equally attractive to hummingbirds, is Sophora tomentosa (necklace pod). The plant in the image below clearly has leaves densely covered with tiny silvery hairs. This identifies it as the non-native var. occidentalis, whose native range is Texas and tropical America. The Florida native var. truncata has leaves that are hairless, or nearly so, at maturity. In the background, is firebush, Hamelia patens, another favorite of butterfly gardeners.

Go to Part 2.

All images and text © 2010 Rufino Osorio.

Nymphaea mexicana

Nymphaea mexicana is a yellow-flowered subtropical and tropical water-lily native to the southern United States from the Carolinas to New Mexico, as well as southern Mexico. It is also recorded from Oklahoma and Arizona, but there is some question as to whether it is native or introduced in those two states. It is recorded as an introduced plant from California, where it is considered an invasive aquatic weed, and British Columbia in Canada. It is one of the smaller water-lily species and I have seen it successfully cultivated in Palm Beach County, Florida, in small tubs that hold about 5 gallons of water.

USDA Distribution Map

© 2011 image by Joseph Libertucci, used with permission; text by Rufino Osorio..